题解

Switch lights(HDU-3404) 题面 lxhgww is playing a game with his computer Deep Blue. The game is played on a matrix containing lights. At first, some lights are on, while others are off. lxhgww and Deep Blue take turns to switch the lights. For each step, the player should choose a rectangle in the matrix: (x1 , y1) , (x1 , y2) , (x2 , y1) , (x2 , y2) , (x1<=x2,y1<=y2, the light at (x2, y2) should be on) and change the lights’ status on the four vertex of the rectangle, namely on to off, and off to on. The player turns all the lights off wins the game. Notice the rectangle is possibly degenerated to line or even a single cell so that the player may also switch two or one besides four lights in a move. Deep Blue’s strategy is perfect, if it has a chance to win, never will it lose. Does lxhgww have a chance to win if he takes the first step? ...

John(POJ-3480) 题面 Little John is playing very funny game with his younger brother. There is one big box filled with M&Ms of different colors. At first John has to eat several M&Ms of the same color. Then his opponent has to make a turn. And so on. Please note that each player has to eat at least one M&M during his turn. If John (or his brother) will eat the last M&M from the box he will be considered as a looser and he will have to buy a new candy box. ...

Nim(POJ-2975) 题面 Nim is a 2-player game featuring several piles of stones. Players alternate turns, and on his/her turn, a player’s move consists of removing one or more stones from any single pile. Play ends when all the stones have been removed, at which point the last player to have moved is declared the winner. Given a position in Nim, your task is to determine how many winning moves there are in that position.A position in Nim is called “losing” if the first player to move from that position would lose if both sides played perfectly. A “winning move,” then, is a move that leaves the game in a losing position. There is a famous theorem that classifies all losing positions. Suppose a Nim position contains n piles having k1, k2, …, kn stones respectively; in such a position, there are k1 + k2 + … + kn possible moves. We write each ki in binary (base 2). Then, the Nim position is losing if and only if, among all the ki’s, there are an even number of 1’s in each digit position. In other words, the Nim position is losing if and only if the xor of the ki’s is 0.Consider the position with three piles given by k1 = 7, k2 = 11, and k3 = 13. In binary, these values are as follows: ...

S-Nim(POJ-2960) 题面 Arthur and his sister Caroll have been playing a game called Nim for some time now. Nim is played as follows: The starting position has a number of heaps, all containing some, not necessarily equal, number of beads. The players take turns chosing a heap and removing a positive number of beads from it. The first player not able to make a move, loses. Arthur and Caroll really enjoyed playing this simple game until they recently learned an easy way to always be able to find the best move: ...

A Chess Game(POJ-2425) 题面 Let’s design a new chess game. There are N positions to hold M chesses in this game. Multiple chesses can be located in the same position. The positions are constituted as a topological graph, i.e. there are directed edges connecting some positions, and no cycle exists. Two players you and I move chesses alternately. In each turn the player should move only one chess from the current position to one of its out-positions along an edge. The game does not end, until one of the players cannot move chess any more. If you cannot move any chess in your turn, you lose. Otherwise, if the misfortune falls on me… I will disturb the chesses and play it again. ...

Euclid’s Game(POJ-2348) 题面 Two players, Stan and Ollie, play, starting with two natural numbers. Stan, the first player, subtracts any positive multiple of the lesser of the two numbers from the greater of the two numbers, provided that the resulting number must be nonnegative. Then Ollie, the second player, does the same with the two resulting numbers, then Stan, etc., alternately, until one player is able to subtract a multiple of the lesser number from the greater to reach 0, and thereby wins. For example, the players may start with (25,7): ...

Fibonacci again and again(HDU-1848) 题面 任何一个大学生对菲波那契数列(Fibonacci numbers)应该都不会陌生，它是这样定义的： F(1)=1; F(2)=2; F(n)=F(n-1)+F(n-2)(n>=3); 所以，1,2,3,5,8,13……就是菲波那契数列。 在HDOJ上有不少相关的题目，比如1005 Fibonacci again就是曾经的浙江省赛题。 今天，又一个关于Fibonacci的题目出现了，它是一个小游戏，定义如下： 1、 这是一个二人游戏; 2、 一共有3堆石子，数量分别是m, n, p个； 3、 两人轮流走; 4、 每走一步可以选择任意一堆石子，然后取走f个； 5、 f只能是菲波那契数列中的元素（即每次只能取1，2，3，5，8…等数量）； 6、 最先取光所有石子的人为胜者； ...

Nim(POJ-2068) 题面 Let’s play a traditional game Nim. You and I are seated across a table and we have a hundred stones on the table (we know the number of stones exactly). We play in turn and at each turn, you or I can remove on to four stones from the heap. You play first and the one who removed the last stone loses. In this game, you have a winning strategy. To see this, you first remove four stones and leave 96 stones. No matter how I play, I will end up with leaving 92 - 95 stones. Then you will in turn leave 91 stones for me (verify this is always possible). This way, you can always leave 5k+1 stones for me and finally I get the last stone, sigh. If we initially had 101 stones, on the other hand, I have a winning strategy and you are doomed to lose. ...

Cutting Game(POJ-2311) 题面 Urej loves to play various types of dull games. He usually asks other people to play with him. He says that playing those games can show his extraordinary wit. Recently Urej takes a great interest in a new game, and Erif Nezorf becomes the victim. To get away from suffering playing such a dull game, Erif Nezorf requests your help. The game uses a rectangular paper that consists of W*H grids. Two players cut the paper into two pieces of rectangular sections in turn. In each turn the player can cut either horizontally or vertically, keeping every grids unbroken. After N turns the paper will be broken into N+1 pieces, and in the later turn the players can choose any piece to cut. If one player cuts out a piece of paper with a single grid, he wins the game. If these two people are both quite clear, you should write a problem to tell whether the one who cut first can win or not. ...

Georgia and Bob(POJ-1704) 题面 Georgia and Bob decide to play a self-invented game. They draw a row of grids on paper, number the grids from left to right by 1, 2, 3, …, and place N chessmen on different grids, as shown in the following figure for example: Georgia and Bob move the chessmen in turn. Every time a player will choose a chessman, and move it to the left without going over any other chessmen or across the left edge. The player can freely choose number of steps the chessman moves, with the constraint that the chessman must be moved at least ONE step and one grid can at most contains ONE single chessman. The player who cannot make a move loses the game. ...

A New Stone Game(POJ-1740) 题面 Alice and Bob decide to play a new stone game.At the beginning of the game they pick n(1<=n<=10) piles of stones in a line. Alice and Bob move the stones in turn. At each step of the game,the player choose a pile,remove at least one stones,then freely move stones from this pile to any other pile that still has stones. For example:n=4 and the piles have (3,1,4,2) stones.If the player chose the first pile and remove one.Then it can reach the follow states. 2 1 4 2 1 2 4 2（move one stone to Pile 2） 1 1 5 2（move one stone to Pile 3） 1 1 4 3（move one stone to Pile 4） 0 2 5 2（move one stone to Pile 2 and another one to Pile 3） 0 2 4 3（move one stone to Pile 2 and another one to Pile 4） 0 1 5 3（move one stone to Pile 3 and another one to Pile 4） 0 3 4 2（move two stones to Pile 2） 0 1 6 2（move two stones to Pile 3） 0 1 4 4（move two stones to Pile 4） Alice always moves first. Suppose that both Alice and Bob do their best in the game. You are to write a program to determine who will finally win the game. ...

Brave Game(HDU-1846) 题面 十年前读大学的时候，中国每年都要从国外引进一些电影大片，其中有一部电影就叫《勇敢者的游戏》（英文名称：Zathura），一直到现在，我依然对于电影中的部分电脑特技印象深刻。 今天，大家选择上机考试，就是一种勇敢（brave）的选择；这个短学期，我们讲的是博弈（game）专题；所以，大家现在玩的也是“勇敢者的游戏”，这也是我命名这个题目的原因。 当然，除了“勇敢”，我还希望看到“诚信”，无论考试成绩如何，希望看到的都是一个真实的结果，我也相信大家一定能做到的~ ...

Good Luck in CET-4 Everybody!(HDU-1847) 题面 大学英语四级考试就要来临了，你是不是在紧张的复习？也许紧张得连短学期的ACM都没工夫练习了，反正我知道的Kiki和Cici都是如此。当然，作为在考场浸润了十几载的当代大学生，Kiki和Cici更懂得考前的放松，所谓“张弛有道”就是这个意思。这不，Kiki和Cici在每天晚上休息之前都要玩一会儿扑克牌以放松神经。 “升级”？“双扣”？“红五”？还是“斗地主”？ 当然都不是！那多俗啊~ 作为计算机学院的学生，Kiki和Cici打牌的时候可没忘记专业，她们打牌的规则是这样的： 1、 总共n张牌; 2、 双方轮流抓牌； 3、 每人每次抓牌的个数只能是2的幂次（即：1，2，4，8，16…） 4、 抓完牌，胜负结果也出来了：最后抓完牌的人为胜者； 假设Kiki和Cici都是足够聪明（其实不用假设，哪有不聪明的学生~），并且每次都是Kiki先抓牌，请问谁能赢呢？ 当然，打牌无论谁赢都问题不大，重要的是马上到来的CET-4能有好的状态。 ...

Rabbit and Grass(HDU-1849) 题面 大学时光是浪漫的，女生是浪漫的，圣诞更是浪漫的，但是Rabbit和Grass这两个大学女生在今年的圣诞节却表现得一点都不浪漫：不去逛商场，不去逛公园，不去和AC男约会，两个人竟然猫在寝食下棋…… 说是下棋，其实只是一个简单的小游戏而已，游戏的规则是这样的： 1、棋盘包含1*n个方格，方格从左到右分别编号为0，1，2，…，n-1； 2、m个棋子放在棋盘的方格上，方格可以为空，也可以放多于一个的棋子； 3、双方轮流走棋； 4、每一步可以选择任意一个棋子向左移动到任意的位置（可以多个棋子位于同一个方格），当然，任何棋子不能超出棋盘边界； 5、如果所有的棋子都位于最左边（即编号为0的位置），则游戏结束，并且规定最后走棋的一方为胜者。 ...

Being a Good Boy in Spring Festival(HDU-1805) 题面 一年在外 父母时刻牵挂 春节回家 你能做几天好孩子吗 寒假里尝试做做下面的事情吧 陪妈妈逛一次菜场 悄悄给爸爸买个小礼物 主动地 强烈地 要求洗一次碗 某一天早起 给爸妈用心地做回早餐 ...

kiki’s game(HDU-2147) 题面 Recently kiki has nothing to do. While she is bored, an idea appears in his mind, she just playes the checkerboard game.The size of the chesserboard is n*m.First of all, a coin is placed in the top right corner(1,m). Each time one people can move the coin into the left, the underneath or the left-underneath blank space.The person who can’t make a move will lose the game. kiki plays it with ZZ.The game always starts with kiki. If both play perfectly, who will win the game? ...

Public Sale(HDU-2149) 题面 虽然不想，但是现实总归是现实，Lele始终没有逃过退学的命运，因为他没有拿到奖学金。现在等待他的，就是像FarmJohn一样的农田生涯。 ...

A multiplication game(POJ-2505) 题面 Stan and Ollie play the game of multiplication by multiplying an integer p by one of the numbers 2 to 9. Stan always starts with p = 1, does his multiplication, then Ollie multiplies the number, then Stan and so on. Before a game starts, they draw an integer 1 < n < 4294967295 and the winner is who first reaches p >= n. 输入 Each line of input contains one integer number n. ...

A Funny Game(POJ-2484) 题面 Alice and Bob decide to play a funny game. At the beginning of the game they pick n(1 <= n <= 106) coins in a circle, as Figure 1 shows. A move consists in removing one or two adjacent coins, leaving all other coins untouched. At least one coin must be removed. Players alternate moves with Alice starting. The player that removes the last coin wins. (The last player to move wins. If you can’t move, you lose.) Note: For n > 3, we use c1, c2, …, cn to denote the coins clockwise and if Alice remove c2, then c1 and c3 are NOT adjacent! (Because there is an empty place between c1 and c3.) ...

Matches Game(POJ-2234) 题面 Here is a simple game. In this game, there are several piles of matches and two players. The two player play in turn. In each turn, one can choose a pile and take away arbitrary number of matches from the pile (Of course the number of matches, which is taken away, cannot be zero and cannot be larger than the number of matches in the chosen pile). If after a player’s turn, there is no match left, the player is the winner. Suppose that the two players are all very clear. Your job is to tell whether the player who plays first can win the game or not. ...

取石子游戏(HDU-1527) 题面 有两堆石子，数量任意，可以不同。游戏开始由两个人轮流取石子。游戏规定，每次有两种不同的取法，一是可以在任意的一堆中取走任意多的石子；二是可以在两堆中同时取走相同数量的石子。最后把石子全部取完者为胜者。现在给出初始的两堆石子的数目，如果轮到你先取，假设双方都采取最好的策略，问最后你是胜者还是败者。 ...

取石子游戏(POJ-1067) 题面 有两堆石子，数量任意，可以不同。游戏开始由两个人轮流取石子。游戏规定，每次有两种不同的取法，一是可以在任意的一堆中取走任意多的石子；二是可以在两堆中同时取走相同数量的石子。最后把石子全部取完者为胜者。现在给出初始的两堆石子的数目，如果轮到你先取，假设双方都采取最好的策略，问最后你是胜者还是败者。 ...

解码PAT准考证 (PATB-1095) 题面 PAT 准考证号由 4 部分组成： 第 1 位是级别，即 T 代表顶级；A 代表甲级；B 代表乙级； 第 2~4 位是考场编号，范围从 101 到 999； 第 5~10 位是考试日期，格式为年、月、日顺次各占 2 位； 最后 11~13 位是考生编号，范围从 000 到 999。 现给定一系列考生的准考证号和他们的成绩，请你按照要求输出各种统计信息。 ...

谷歌的招聘 (PATB-1094) 题面 2004 年 7 月，谷歌在硅谷的 101 号公路边竖立了一块巨大的广告牌（如下图）用于招聘。内容超级简单，就是一个以 .com 结尾的网址，而前面的网址是一个 10 位素数，这个素数是自然常数 e 中最早出现的 10 位连续数字。能找出这个素数的人，就可以通过访问谷歌的这个网站进入招聘流程的下一步。 ...

字符串A+B (PATB-1093) 题面 给定两个字符串 A 和 B，本题要求你输出 A+B，即两个字符串的并集。要求先输出 A，再输出 B，但重复的字符必须被剔除。 输入 输入在两行中分别给出 A 和 B，均为长度不超过 10^6的、由可见 ASCII 字符 (即码值为32~126)和空格组成的、由回车标识结束的非空字符串。 ...

最好吃的月饼 (PATB-1092) 题面 月饼是久负盛名的中国传统糕点之一，自唐朝以来，已经发展出几百品种。 若想评比出一种“最好吃”的月饼，那势必在吃货界引发一场腥风血雨…… 在这里我们用数字说话，给出全国各地各种月饼的销量，要求你从中找出销量冠军，认定为最好吃的月饼。 ...

N-自守数 (PATB-1091) 题面 如果某个数 K 的平方乘以 N 以后，结果的末尾几位数等于 K，那么就称这个数为“N-自守数”。例如 3×922=25392，而 25392 的末尾两位正好是 92，所以 92 是一个 3-自守数。 ...

危险品装箱 (PATB-1090) 题面 集装箱运输货物时，我们必须特别小心，不能把不相容的货物装在一只箱子里。比如氧化剂绝对不能跟易燃液体同箱，否则很容易造成爆炸。 本题给定一张不相容物品的清单，需要你检查每一张集装箱货品清单，判断它们是否能装在同一只箱子里。 ...

狼人杀-简单版 (PATB-1089) 题面 以下文字摘自《灵机一动·好玩的数学》：“狼人杀”游戏分为狼人、好人两大阵营。在一局“狼人杀”游戏中，1 号玩家说：“2 号是狼人”，2 号玩家说：“3 号是好人”，3 号玩家说：“4 号是狼人”，4 号玩家说：“5 号是好人”，5 号玩家说：“4 号是好人”。已知这 5 名玩家中有 2 人扮演狼人角色，有 2 人说的不是实话，有狼人撒谎但并不是所有狼人都在撒谎。扮演狼人角色的是哪两号玩家？ ...

三人行 (PATB-1088) 题面 子曰：“三人行，必有我师焉。择其善者而从之，其不善者而改之。” 本题给定甲、乙、丙三个人的能力值关系为：甲的能力值确定是 2 位正整数；把甲的能力值的 2 个数字调换位置就是乙的能力值；甲乙两人能力差是丙的能力值的 X 倍；乙的能力值是丙的 Y 倍。请你指出谁比你强应“从之”，谁比你弱应“改之”。 ...